Whaling brought Basques and Icelanders

These sailors have invented other auxiliary languages besides Basque-Icelandic.

Travelling is a common reason for learning a language. Before language academies, people travelled. Getting by abroad was difficult, but resources were plentiful.

These resources are seen in Basque whalers who travelled the North Atlantic.

The Basque-Icelandic pidgin blended Basque and Icelandic into a common language for Basques visiting the Nordic island.

Pidgin? Pidgins are auxiliary languages created by combining elements from multiple languages. In port markets, where people of different languages met, they were used as a basic form of communication.

Not all languages originated from trade. Pidgin languages, not creole languages, may have originated from a mix of American aboriginal languages and European colonists or their slaves.

Pidgin languages, as auxiliary languages, do not become primary or daily languages in any community. Creole languages exhibit natural linguistic evolution, unlike pidgin languages.

Little of the Basque-Icelandic pidgin remains. In 1937, Nicolaas Gerardus Hendricus Deen published his Glossaria duo Vasco-Islandica, a commented translation of two 17th-century Icelandic manuscripts. Manusritos on display at Bilbao’s maritime museum Itsasmuseum.

The manuscripts provide insight into the vocabulary and grammar of this auxiliary language, as well as its influence from other languages like English and Spanish.

The pidgin manuscripts Deen studied contained a list of lexical terms, objects, and other simple terms to exchange, according to Jose Ignacio Hualde’s 1991 article. The second manuscript had more complicated terms.

Basque and Icelandic sailors lost contact in the first half of the 18th century. This, along with intermittent contact, explains why this pidgin did not evolve beyond these manuscripts.

What did Basque-Icelandic pidgin sound like? Hualde’s text provides manuscript examples. They tell us that this language’s lexicon was mostly Basque words, but its sentence structure was not Basque.

Hualde translates “hamar by galsardia” as “twelve [pairs of] socks” as an example of lexicon. Other examples include “cavinit trucka for mi” (I don’t buy anything) and “presenta for mi berrua usnia eta berria bura” (give me hot milk and new butter).

Third, Hualde uses the phrase “Christ Maria presents for mi balia, for mi, presents for ju bust ana” to mean “If Christ and Mary give me a whale, I will give you its tail”. Several phrases incorporate elements from other languages, including English and Spanish.

Basque was used in other auxiliary languages besides this Basque-Icelandic pidgin. Some Canadian native groups used the Basque-Algonquian pidgin.

In 1989, Peter Bakker wrote in Anthropological Linguistics that when Jesuit missionary Pierre Biard arrived in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1616 to work with North American natives, they greeted him with “adesquidex, adesquidex,” meaning “friend, friend.” They were Micmac or Mi’kmaq, an Algonquin tribe from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

Missionary Paul Le Jeune says the Innu called him “ania”. Both encounters occurred near the St. Lawrence River estuary in the gulf. Bakker gathers historiographical sources that mention Basque terminology among natives.

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